Praxis school a school of philosophy originating in Zagreb and Belgrade which, from 1964 to 1974, published the international edition of the leading postwar Marxist journal Praxis. During the same period, it organized the Korcula Summer School, which attracted scholars from around the Western world. In a reduced form the school continues each spring with the Social Philosophy Course in Dubrovnik, Croatia. The founders of praxis philosophy include Gajo Petrovic (Zagreb), Milan Kangrga (Zagreb), and Mihailo Markovic (Belgrade). Another wellknown member of the group is Svetozar Stojanovic (Belgrade), and a second-generation leader is Gvozden Flego (Zagreb). The Praxis school emphasized the writings of the young Marx while subjecting dogmatic Marxism to one of its strongest criticisms. Distinguishing between Marx’s and Engels’s writings and emphasizing alienation and a dynamic concept of the human being, it contributed to a greater understanding of the interrelationship between the individual and society. Through its insistence on Marx’s call for a ‘ruthless critique,’ the school stressed open inquiry and freedom of speech in both East and West. Quite possibly the most important and original philosopher of the group, and certainly Croatia’s leading twentieth-century philosopher, was Gajo Petrovic (1927–93). He called for (1) understanding philosophy as a radical critique of all existing things, and (2) understanding human beings as beings of praxis and creativity. This later led to a view of human beings as revolutionary by nature. At present he is probably best remembered for his Marx in the Mid-Twentieth Century and Philosophie und Revolution. Milan Kangrga (b.1923) also emphasizes human creativity while insisting that one should understand human beings as producers who humanize nature. An ethical problematic of humanity can be realized through a variety of disciplines that include aesthetics, philosophical anthropolgy, theory of knowledge, ontology, and social thought. Mihailo Markovic (b.1923), a member of the Belgrade Eight, is best known for his theory of meaning, which leads him to a theory of socialist humanism. His most widely read work in the West is From Affluence to Praxis: Philosophy and Social Criticism. See also MARXISM, PRAXIS. J.Bi. & H.P.